In Cappadocia’s Derinkuyu district, Türkiye, archaeologists are restoring the Aya Maryeros Underground Monastery, widely regarded as the World’s First Mental Health Facility and a groundbreaking psychiatric treatment center from the 4th century AD. Carved deep into Nevşehir’s volcanic rock, this Byzantine-era complex is being transformed into a museum, set to become one of the most unique cultural and historical attractions in the region.
Rediscovering a Forgotten Byzantine Landmark
Hidden for centuries beneath an abandoned building in Nevşehir’s Cumhuriyet District, the entrance to Aya Maryeros was first identified in the 1990s. Beneath layers of debris, experts uncovered a vast subterranean complex featuring interconnected tunnels, rock-hewn chambers, wine cellars, and galleries—all typical of Cappadocia’s elaborate underground cities.
Officials from the Derinkuyu District Governor’s Office and municipality are spearheading a multi-phase restoration project to stabilize, preserve, and transform the site into a world-class cultural attraction.
The World’s First Psychiatric Treatment Center
Historical sources indicate that Aya Maryeros served as a Byzantine-era mental health facility in the 4th century AD, where Christian clergy treated individuals with psychological conditions through spiritual therapy and healing practices.
“This is recognized as the oldest mental hospital in the world,” said Derinkuyu Mayor Taner İnce. “Once restoration is complete, it will be an extraordinary addition to Cappadocia’s cultural heritage and tourism sector.”
Links to the Legendary Derinkuyu Underground City
Historians believe Aya Maryeros was part of the region’s vast underground city network, which sheltered thousands of early Christians fleeing persecution.
“The monastery lies 10–15 meters underground and shows evidence of advanced planning for both religious practice and mental health care,” explained historian Dr. Eray Karatekir. “Though looted and damaged by treasure hunters over centuries, restoration will uncover previously sealed tunnels and chambers.”
From Ruin to Cultural Treasure
Previously neglected and used as a dumping ground, Aya Maryeros is now the focus of intensive excavation, lighting, and conservation efforts. Authorities plan to expropriate the property to accelerate development and ensure international access to the site.
When completed, the monastery will not only highlight the Byzantine approach to mental health but also enrich Cappadocia’s reputation as one of the world’s most extraordinary cultural landscapes.